This shift resulted in some countries leaning away from preparation for a major conflict and toward the management of non-traditional security challenges, including transnational threats such as environmental disasters, humanitarian crises, and challenges from non-state actors.
The end of the Cold War and the rise of globalization brought about a sudden shift in focus for the militaries of the advanced industrialized world. It is essential for analysts and policymakers in the US, and globally, to discern between Chinese MOOTW that threaten regional peace and stability and those that have the potential to strengthen and contribute to the rules-based international order. Thus, a nuanced understanding of the underlying motives and methods behind China’s embrace of MOOTW is needed, including an appreciation for how China’s non-war military operations may advance international cooperation or foment future conflict scenarios. PLA strategists have described China’s non-war military operations abroad as the “soft use” of “hard power.” While its approach to MOOTW generally tends to align with international law and accepted practices in international security cooperation, China’s evolving military capabilities and instances of coercive behavior have also raised international concern, especially in the context of a more fractious and competitive security environment. China’s President Xi Jinping recently signed an order to establish a legal framework for conducting “non-war military operations” – more commonly known as “military operations other than war” (MOOTW) – with the primary goals of preventing challenges to China’s interests from emerging, maintaining national sovereignty and regional stability, and creating standard procedures for regulating the PLA’s (People’s Liberation Army) conduct of these operations.
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